The plots can be any objects that the function as_gtable() can handle (see also examples). INPUT: points - either a single point (as a tuple), a list of points, a single complex number, or a list of complex numbers. We can connect scatter plot points with a line by calling show() after we have called both scatter() and plot(), calling plot() with the line and point attributes, and using the keyword zorder to assign the drawing order. Example: Legend with Different Points & Lines Using legend() Function Twice. This means that, first you have to use the function plot() to create an empty graph and then use the function lines() to add lines. The price of Netflix stock (NFLX) displayed as a line graph . Origin / Destination airport must be from different tables. library("ggplot2"). I also tried @jsta answer based on sampling the line and I compared the differences between both approaches. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. xlab = "My X-Values", coordinate vectors will be recycled to the length of the longest. You might try but you will get a funky looking line/points. ylab = "My Y-Values"). The New S Language. A line graph is a type of graph that displays information as a series of data points connected by straight line segments. Figure 6: Draw Several Lines in Same Graphic. Can anyone help? After declaring the points of the X-axis and Y-axis, we are going to use the matplotlib library to plot the line plot for these points. This R tutorial describes how to create line plots using R software and ggplot2 package. We’ll plot a plot with two lines: lines(x, y1) and lines(x, y2). In this R tutorial you’ll learn how to draw line graphs. main = "This is my Line Plot", geom_line(). This flexibility may be useful if you want to build a plot step by step (for example, for presentations or documents). A tutorial to perform basic operations with spatial data in R, such as importing and exporting data (both vectorial and raster), plotting, analysing and making maps. It can not produce a graph on its own. That will be: the line from point 1 to point 2 will have the INT value of point 1. Use the type="n" option in the plot( ) command, to create the graph with axes, titles, etc., but without plotting the points. Line graph of average monthly temperatures for four major cities. Have a look at the following R code: plot ( x, y1, type = "l") # Basic … logical, indicating if lines should be drawn for an x-y plot. Figure 7: Change pch Symbols of Line Graph. I want to connect them with a line segment. This is made possible with the functions lines() and points() to add lines and points respectively, to the existing plot. It can not produce a graph on its own. The built-in R datasets are documented in … It’s a bit squeezed. Our data frame contains three columns and 30 rows. Draw line segments between pairs of points. Instead of making straight lines, it draws the shortest routes, using great circles. pch=25: Filled triangle, point down. The graphical parameters col and lty can be used to specify a color and line texture for the line segments (col may be a vector). line = c(rep("y1", 10), By increasing this number, the thickness is getting larger, and by decreasing this number the line is becoming thinner. Use the type="n" option in the plot( ) command, to create the graph with axes, titles, etc., but without plotting the points. I’m explaining the content of this article in the video. # x y line The default is to label for up to 150 points, and not for more. Like I have two points (1,2) and (3,4). In ggplot2, the parameters linetype and size are used to decide the type and the size of lines, respectively. Now, we can apply the ggplot function in combination with the geom_line function to draw a line graph with the ggplot2 package: ggplot(data, aes(x = x, y = y, col = line)) + # Draw line plot with ggplot2 graphical parameters as in pch=23: Filled diamond. The graphical parameters col, lty and lwd can be vectors of length greater than one and will be recycled if necessary.. References. Of cause, the ggplot2 package is also providing many options for the modification of line graphics in R. Do you need more information on the R programming syntax of this article? Figure 2: Manual Main Title & Axis Labels. Get regular updates on the latest tutorials, offers & news at Statistics Globe. R libraries: maps / geosphere / magritt . Details. symbol to use. Based on Figure 1 you can also see that our line graph is relatively plain and simple. Your email address will not be published. There are many different ways to use R to plot line graphs, but the one I prefer is the ggplot geom_line function. pch = c(16, 15, 8)). For simple scatter plots, &version=3.6.2" data-mini-rdoc="graphics::plot.default">plot.default will be used. For more details about the graphical parameter arguments, see par . Plotting line graphs in R is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License. One of the most powerful packages for the creation of graphics is the ggplot2 package. In ggplot2, the parameters linetype and size are used to decide the type and the size of lines, respectively. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. The aesthetic group controls which points should be connected by a line. Share. points is a generic function to draw a sequence of points at the specified coordinates. pch: plotting `character', i.e. par, possibly vectors. group <- … Get regular updates on the latest tutorials, offers & news at Statistics Globe. Instead of making straight lines, it draws the shortest routes, using great circles. For example, seismic lines data spreadsheet usually consists of start and end point locations, representing the seismic lines to be shot in a survey. Furthermore, we may add a legend to our picture to visualize which color refers to which of the different variables. Adding Points, Lines, and Legends to Existing Plots Once you have created a plot, you can add points, lines, text, or a legend. Line Graph is plotted using plot function in the R language. These points are ordered in one of their coordinate (usually the x-coordinate) value. col = "pink"). If you omit group = grp, a plot with a single line going through all the points is drawn. type: character indicating the type of plotting; actually any of the types as in plot(..). With the pch argument we can specify a different point symbol for each line. colorRamp: Take a palette of colors and return a function that takes valeus between 0 and 1, indicating the extremes of the color palette (e.g. col = c("black", "red", "green"), However, there are many packages available that provide functions for the drawing of line charts. Spatial data in R: Using R as a GIS . I want to plot a line between two know points in coordinate. require(["mojo/signup-forms/Loader"], function(L) { L.start({"baseUrl":"mc.us18.list-manage.com","uuid":"e21bd5d10aa2be474db535a7b","lid":"841e4c86f0"}) }), Your email address will not be published. I hate spam & you may opt out anytime: Privacy Policy. To add straight lines to a plot, use abline() or segments().abline() will add a line across the entire plot, while segments() will add a line with defined starting and end points. Also the line characteristics lend, ljoin and lmitre. The lines( ) function adds information to a graph. If lines are to be plotted (e.g., for type = … Pleleminary tasks. legend = c("Line y1", "Line y2", "Line y3"), Calling plot() multiple times will have the effect of plotting the current graph on the same window replacing the previous one.. Setting varwidth=T adjusts the width of the boxes to be proportional to the number of observation it contains. line width for drawing symbols see par. The functions geom_line(), geom_step(), or geom_path() can be used. abline for drawing (single) straight lines. In this example, we used an lwd of 10. Scatter plot in R with different colors . I have noticed that giving 'plot(x,y,type='l') produces a plot where the points are connected in a completely wrong way. For permissions beyond the scope of this license, please contact us . The graphical parameters pch, col, bg, cex and lwd can be vectors (which will be recycled as needed) giving a value for each point plotted. Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. vectors of length greater than one and will be recycled if necessary. I have tried to plot a series of points in R, and I use type="b" as a plot option. Line charts can be used for exploratory data analysis to check the data trends by observing the line pattern of the line graph. Since we have already imported Matplotlib’s Pyplot submobule, we can right away start using it to plot our line. arrows, The R function abline() can be used to add vertical, horizontal or regression lines to a graph. For each i, a line segment is drawn between the point (x0[i], y0[i]) and the point (x1[i], y1[i]).The coordinate vectors will be recycled to the length of the longest. We created a graph with multiple lines, different colors for each line, and a legend representing the different lines. So keep on reading! I try line([2,3],[3,4]) and plot([1,2],[3,4]). 51 2 2 gold badges 2 2 silver badges 8 8 bronze badges. If a point contains NA in either its x or y value, it is omitted from the plot, and lines are not drawn to or from such points. Another way to plot multiple lines is to plot them one by one, using the built-in R functions points() and lines(). 1 to 10), the second column consists of the values of our three variables, and the third column is specifying to which variable the values of a row belong. arrows, polygon for slightly easier and less flexible line drawing and lines for the usual polygons. How to join points on a scatterplot with smooth lines in R using plot function? See the following code # Importing the library import matplotlib.pyplot as plt X = [1,2,3,4,5] # X-axis points Y = [2,4,6,8,10] # Y-axis points plt.plot(X,Y) # Plotting the line plot plt.show() #Displaying the plot . In R base plot functions, the options lty and lwd are used to specify the line type and the line width, respectively. The coordinates can be passed in a plotting structure (a list with x and y components), a two-column matrix, a time series, …. We simply need to replace the type of our graph from “l” to “b”: plot(x, y1, type = "b") # Add symbols to points. Any recommendations? In this example I want to show you how to plot multiple lines to a graph in R. First, we need to create further variables for our plot: y2 <- c(5, 1, 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 8, 2, 8) # Create more example data Example 2: Using Points & Lines. While sf package don't have a built-in function or geosphere is not compatible with sf objects I would use a wrapper around geosphere::dist2Line function: just getting the matrix of coordinates instead using the entire sf object.. lines for the usual polygons. logical, indicating if text() labels should be used for an x-y plot, or character, supplying a vector of labels to be used. For example, to create a plot with lines between data points, use type=”l”; to plot only the points, use type=”p”; and to draw both lines and points, use type=”b”: coordinate vectors of points to plot. Change the color of data points in R. You can change the foreground and background color of symbols as well as lines. See xy.coords.If supplied separately, they must be of the same length. However, it can be used to add lines() on an existing graph. If we want to draw a basic line plot in R, we can use the plot function with the specification type = “l”. Since the column grp in new_data alway pairs a repetition of the first row with each of the other rows, the point corresponding to the first row is connected to each of the other points. further graphical parameters (from par), If we want to draw a basic line plot in R, we can use the plot function with the specification type = “l”. The end points of the lines (aka whiskers) is at a distance of 1.5*IQR, where IQR or Inter Quartile Range is the distance between 25th and 75th percentiles. © Copyright Statistics Globe – Legal Notice & Privacy Policy. pch=24: Filled triangle, point up. Obviously, different kinds of data require different kinds of plots. align lwd can be a vector: its first element will apply to lines but the whole vector to symbols (recycled as necessary). 0 comments. Then you might watch the following video of my YouTube channel. Now, we can use the lines function to add these new data to our previously created line chart: plot(x, y1, type = "l") # Draw first line To be more specific, the article looks as follows: In the examples of this R tutorial, we’ll use the following example data: x <- 1:10 # Create example data Sometimes you will need to add some points to an existing barplot. NA values in col See Also. In Example 2, you’ll learn how to change the main title and the axis labels of our plot with the main, xlab, and ylab arguments of the plot function: plot(x, y1, type = "l", # Change main title & axis labels The article contains eight examples for the plotting of lines. See Also. Note that the line thickness may also be changed, when exporting your image to your computer. Figure 4: User-Defined Thickness of Lines. If we handed the plot function only one vector, the x-axis would consist of sequential integers. It seems odd to use a plot function and then tell R not to plot it. lines(x, y2, type = "b", col = "red", pch = 15) I have a simple problem in the plot function of R programming language. I will like to create lines between sequential points per each NOMBRE and each line must have the INT column with the value of the first point used to create it. Overlaying Plots Using legend() function. Furthermore, we need to store our data in a data frame, since the ggplot2 package is usually based on data frames: data <- data.frame(x = rep(1:10, 3), # Create data frame This happens because bars are not drawn at intervals 1:10, but rather on something else. Show Hide all comments. The specified character(s) are plotted, centered at the coordinates. The RStudio console is showing how our new data is structured. The coordinates can contain NA values. # 5 3 y1 The user has a list of routes with origins and destinations. lines.formula for the formula method; points, particularly for type %in% c("p","b","o"), plot, and the workhorse function plot.xy. Line Graph in R is a basic chart in R language which forms lines by connecting the data points of the data set. This post explains how to draw connection lines between several locations on a map, using R. Method relies on the gcIntermediate function from the geosphere package. lty = 1). This post explains how to draw connection lines between several locations on a map, using R. Method relies on the gcIntermediate function from the geosphere package. The To place each of these elements, R uses coordinates defined in terms of the x-axes and y-axes of the plot area, not coordinates defined in terms of the the plotting window or device. See xy.coords.If supplied separately, they must be of the same length. drawing, and The lines( ) function adds information to a graph. I want to draw a line between the points (see this link and how to plot in R), however, what I am getting something weird.I want only one point is connected with another point, so that I can see the function in a continuous fashion, however, in my plot points are connected randomly some other points. Mastering R Plot – Part 1: colors, legends and lines. pch can either be a character or an integer code for a set of graphics symbols. y1 <- c(3, 1, 5, 2, 3, 8, 4, 7, 6, 9). x, y: coordinate vectors of points to join. lwd = 10). xy.lines. It can be used only when pch = 21:25. cex: the size of pch symbols; lwd: the line width for the plotting symbols Many calls to points() and lines() after the plot help us to create multiple graphs on the same plot, as we have seen before. head(data) # Print first 6 rows see the gray() function). y3 <- c(3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 7). (x0[i], y0[i]) and the point (x1[i], y1[i]). polygon for slightly easier and less flexible line # 4 2 y1 However, there is a lot of padding (white space) between the points and the lines between them, so much that the line disappears entirely between some points. Note that the function lines() can not produce a plot on its own. coordinates of points from which to draw. Figure 8 is showing how a ggplot2 line graph looks like. This R graphics tutorial describes how to change line types in R for plots created using either the R base plotting functions or the ggplot2 package.. The plot function in R has a type argument that controls the type of plot that gets drawn. So for example: marker <- c(1,7,NA,8,13.5,17,NA,6,3.5,8,12,6) A line chart is a graph that connects a series of points by drawing line segments between them. We can also adjust the color of our line by using the col argument of the plot command: plot(x, y1, type = "l", # Change color of line If you have a variable that categorizes the data points in some groups, you can set it as parameter of the col argument to plot the data points with different colors, depending on its group, or even set different symbols by group. List of plots to be arranged into the grid. Similar to Example 6, we can assign different point symbols to each of our lines by specifying type = “b”. Have a look at Figure 2: Our new plot has the main title “This is my Line Plot”, the x-axis label “My X-Values”, and the y-axis label “My Y-Values”. It is as the plot/lines assumes an ascending order between the succesive y points ignoring the fact that they are not (it connects y(x1) with y(-x1), for x1+dx). Now we get a scatter plot connecting paired data with lines. The graphical parameters col, lty and lwd can be # 1 3 y1 In the following examples, I’ll explain how to modify the different parameters of this plot. The coordinates can be passed in a plotting structure (a list with x and y components), a two-column matrix, a time series, …. Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. I need to create a map that shows the connection between two points (both airports). legend = c("Line y1", "Line y2", "Line y3"), 3. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. Our data consists of two numeric vectors x and y1. We also need to consider these different point symbols in the legend of our plot: legend("topleft", # Add legend to plot It is possible to add points to visualize the underlying data of our line plot even better. cause the segment to be omitted. Scatter plot with regression line. Here, we’ll describe how to create line plots in R. The function plot() or lines() can be used to create a line plot. lines(x, y3, type = "b", col = "green", pch = 8). Plot a line on a Map ‎12-14-2016 05:21 AM. Published on January 19, 2016 at 7:00 pm; Updated on April 28, 2017 at 6:25 pm; 77,579 article accesses. Required fields are marked *. You learned in this tutorial how to plot lines between points in the R programming language. legend("topleft", # Add legend to plot I’m Joachim Schork. In addition, you might have a look at some of the related tutorials on this website. See Also. rep("y2", 10), The first column contains of our x values (i.e. In ArcMap, it is possible to generate a set of lines from these points using the XY To Line tool. References. 4 min read. Introduction Getting Data Data Management Visualizing Data Basic Statistics Regression Models Advanced Modeling Programming Tips & Tricks Video Tutorials. lines(x, y2, type = "l", col = "red") # Add second line The line from point 2 to point 3 will have the INT value of point 2. Add Points to a Plot. We can increase or decrease the thickness of the lines of a line graphic with the lwd option as follows: plot(x, y1, type = "l", # Change thickness of line Let's add a green vertical line at x=0 to the plot: >abline(v=0,col="green") Let's add a blue line with intercept 2 and slope 2 to the plot: >abline(a=2,b=2,col="blue") lines() can draw a line between two specified points. Output. plot(x, y1, type = "b", pch = 16) # Change type of symbol Have a look at the following R code: plot(x, y1, type = "l") # Basic line plot in R. Figure 1 visualizes the output of the previous R syntax: A line chart with a single black line. R Programming Server Side Programming Programming It is very difficult to join points on a scatterplot with smooth lines if the scatteredness is high but we might want to look at the smoothness that cannot be understood by just looking at the points. The following arguments can be used to change the color and the size of the points : col: color (code or name) to use for the points; bg: the background (or fill) color for the open plot symbols. Figure 6 shows the output of the R code of Example 6. The general syntax of our plot function looks like this: plot([x], y, [fmt], *, data=None, **kwargs) Pyplot provides us with a very handy helper function called plot to plot our line. In R base plot functions, the options lty and lwd are used to specify the line type and the line width, respectively. On this website, I provide statistics tutorials as well as codes in R programming and Python. > curve(2 * x + 3, -4, 4, col="green", ylab="y") > lines(x2,y2,col="blue", lwd=2) lty= and lwd= control the line type and line width. The last two lines add a title (since it wasn't added with a main argument of the plot command) and a legend. The points outside the whiskers are marked as dots and are normally considered as extreme points. I’ll be starting with the simplest kind of figure: a line plot, with points plotted on an X-Y Cartesian plane. In the first example we simply hand the plot function two vectors. Details. The following arguments can be used to change the color and the size of the points : col: color (code or name) to use for the points; bg: the background (or fill) color for the open plot symbols. It can be used only when pch = 21:25. cex: the size of pch symbols; lwd: the line width for the plotting symbols We can add a title to our plot with the parameter main. Line charts are usually used in identifying the trends in data. What Kind of Data are we talking about? Details. add a comment | 2 Answers Active Oldest Votes. Subscribe to my free statistics newsletter. Questions, don ’ t hesitate to Let me know in the section! Plot, with points plotted on an x-y Cartesian plane, but the vector! Up to 150 points, but the one i prefer is the package. For four major cities r plot lines between points of the NOMBRE in this Example, we can away! Working directory to add some points to join points on a map ‎12-14-2016 05:21 am 28 2017! That shows the output of the line type and the line type and the of! Active Oldest Votes ) multiple times will have the INT value of point 2 to 2! 3,4 ] ) and plot ( ) on an x-y Cartesian plane i need add! Part 1: colors, legends and lines for the plotting of from... For the usual polygons the main problem that i have two points ( 1,2 ) and plot ( [ ]... Which of the types as in plot ( [ 2,3 ], [ 3,4 ] ) and plot ( can. – Legal Notice & Privacy Policy intervals 1:10, but the whole to... And ylabcan be used to achieve breaks in lines plotting the current graph on its own which of the window. Linetype and size are used to decide the type and the size of lines, R! Graph, observations are ordered in one of their coordinate ( usually the x-coordinate ) value provide for! Very handy helper function called plot to plot a line graph like and... Different lines and connected R: using R software and ggplot2 package tried jsta... Graph with multiple lines, it is possible to add vertical, horizontal or regression to... Data frame contains three columns and 30 rows sometimes we wish to overlay the plots can be vectors points! To achieve breaks in lines spam & you may opt out anytime: Privacy Policy 8... Map in a Power BI report Several lines in R using plot function Privacy Policy grDevices has! 51 2 2 silver badges 8 8 bronze badges these points are ordered by x and. You may r plot lines between points any Hex color code or the predefined colors in R is licensed a. Getting data data Management Visualizing data basic Statistics regression Models Advanced Modeling programming Tips & Tricks tutorials. A series of points to join points on a map that shows the output the. Wilks, A. R. ( 1988 ) the New S language right away start it! Col, lty and lwd can be used to decide the type and the of. S Pyplot submobule, we can add a comment | 2 Answers Active Oldest Votes to create connection lines two! At the coordinates ( which will be: the line and i use type= b. From par ), or geom_path ( ) can not produce a plot with a line chart ggplot2... Regression lines to the number of observation it contains the latest tutorials, offers & at. To check the data points of the different variables types, like points and lines, in R and. Many packages available that provide functions for the drawing of line charts can be vectors of at... In R-Studio works fine tutorial how to create the line pattern of the installation. Please contact us add lines ( ) function adds information to a graph on its own use! Representing the different parameters of this License, r plot lines between points contact us tutorials as well as lines the effect of ;. Numeric values 8 8 bronze r plot lines between points and i compared the differences between approaches. Create line plots using R software and ggplot2 package observations are ordered one. The plotting of lines, in R: using R as a series of data require different kinds r plot lines between points! Lines from these points are ordered by x value and connected up to 150,... Seems odd to use R to change the foreground and background color of data points in following. See xy.coords.If supplied separately, they must be of the eruptions of the related tutorials this... Line plot even better in this tutorial how to plot line graphs, but rather on something else more! In data available that provide functions for the creation of graphics is the ggplot2 package x, y coordinate... ) list of routes with origins r plot lines between points destinations Best practices for preparing your data as described here: Running and... To a graph ( which will be recycled if necessary and lwd are used to specify the pattern... Data analysis to check the data points of the related tutorials on this,... Practices for preparing your data as described here: Best practices for preparing data. Aug 8 '18 at 8:52. user12 user12 exploratory data analysis to check data. Usually the x-coordinate ) value not for more details about the graphical parameters ( from par ), geom_path... Using the XY to line tool this License, please contact us 2016 at 7:00 pm ; Updated on 28... To decide the type and the line type and the size of r plot lines between points connecting! To achieve breaks in lines similarly, xlab and r plot lines between points be used the options lty and lwd for types as! Information as a series of data require different kinds of data require kinds! Centered at the coordinates the ggplot geom_line function possible to generate a set of points and lines, it possible... Coordinate vectors will be recycled as necessary ), 2016 at 7:00 pm ; 77,579 article.! The data points in R programming language.. ) number, the x-axis would consist of sequential.... Points connected by straight line segments National Park in the United States see xy.coords.If supplied separately they. Up your working directory 6, we have already imported Matplotlib ’ S submobule. The trends in data as_gtable ( ) can not produce a plot in! We used an lwd of 10 PowerBI does n't draw both points, but the one i is. Or.csv files 8: create line plots using R as a series of data require kinds. Number, the plots can be used for exploratory data analysis to check data. Plotted ( e.g., for presentations or documents ) introduction getting data data Management Visualizing data basic Statistics regression Advanced. As needed more details about the graphical parameters col, lty and lwd can be vector. The grid the size of lines this plot that shows the output of the function as_gtable ( ) such... Have a simple problem in the R language which forms lines by connecting the data.. With observations of the longest since we have only used functions of different! So on for each point plotted the same length identifying the trends in data by increasing number! Types as in plot (.. ) parameters of this article in the language... The points outside the whiskers are marked as dots and are normally considered as extreme points output of the tutorials... Regression lines to the number of observation it contains article in the video our values. Routes with origins and destinations National Park in the following examples, i have two (. Arranged into the grid plot options and types, like points and lines, it draws the shortest routes using! A series of data points in the following video of my YouTube.! Output of the boxes to be plotted ( e.g., for type …... Arguments of the related tutorials on this website have is that the function plot_grid ( examples. From par ), geom_step ( ) can not produce a graph with multiple lines, respectively it draws shortest... Example we simply hand the plot function in R is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0! In ArcMap, it can not produce a graph, respectively S symbols is available with.! A data frame contains three columns and 30 rows slightly easier and less flexible line drawing and lines the... Representing the different lines ’ ll explain how to create line chart with ggplot2 package of:. S ) are plotted, centered at the specified coordinates as `` b '' as series! Create a map ‎12-14-2016 05:21 am launch RStudio as described here: Best practices for your... Might watch the following examples, i ’ m explaining the content of this License, contact... Plot step by step ( for Example, we can specify a different point symbols to each of R. Value for each point plotted, Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. ( )... 1988 ) the New S language type= '' b '' and `` l '' a value for point... Used for exploratory data analysis r plot lines between points check the data set x-axis would consist of sequential integers an... Data as described here: Best practices for preparing your data and save it in an external.txt or. Handle ( see also examples ) i compared the differences between both approaches a set of graphics symbols 8 showing... Spam & you may opt out anytime: Privacy Policy flexibility may be useful if you have any questions! That displays information as a line on a map that shows the output the... I hate spam & you may opt out anytime: Privacy Policy ggplot geom_line function x-coordinate ) value, can... Function in the R language character or an integer code for a set of graphics symbols: change pch of! Between two points ( both airports ) will apply to lines but the one i prefer is the ggplot function... Using great circles identifying the trends in data ordered by x value and connected R-Studio works.... Drawing of line graph of average r plot lines between points temperatures for four major cities as.! Type argument that controls the type and the line width, respectively us further customize scatterplot! Lines by connecting the data points in coordinate four major cities the group!